Fairclough Analyzing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research


Actively critiquing
critical approach to language
Very much based on data
Taken Halliday's notions; tweaked them 

21
Texts - part of social events - "One way in which people can act and interact in the course of social events is to speak or to write."
 ALSO...action (football game) vs. action in lecture - "what the lecturer says, what is written on overheads and handouts, the notes taken by people listening to the lecture"...
22
but also physical  action (operation of an overhead projector)

relationships between texts, social events, social practices & social structures - participants in events
globalization/ media/ mediation/ governance in new capitalism/ re contextualization (Bernstein), hybridity (blurring of boundaries - post modernity)

"Social agents are not 'free' agents, they are socially constrained, but nor are their actions totally socially determined."
- structure and agency of agents
23
textured relationship - negative culture - Liverpool

Social structures - abstract - complex relationships (what is structurally possible and what actually happens)
"events are...mediated- there are intermediate organizational entities between structures and events"

"intermediate organizational practices"  - social event

Very cool for environmental studies
maps out a terrain of interaction - NOT deterministic approach to social structure/ event.
economy - capitalism - private property - what is done
retirement (put money in yourself or have other system)
Education - 

Social Agent - (president/ teacher/ etc. etc.) -  enabled and constrained - still room for creativity; dialectical notion of how these things work. Can be agents of change.

Social events - what actually happens? Expectations that go along with certain social structures

Language (abstract/ broad sense) - social structure 
* possibility and potentiality
Language is not a structure of rules - it is a resource for meaning making and a potentiality. Enables kinds of meanings, configurations of text etc. 
Texts made up of active forces -not passive rules - language can mean different things in different situations - leading to different possibilities

Social Structure

 
Social Practice -

Event



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"social practices are networked together in particular and shifting ways"

"orders of discourse" go beyond structural -- they "can be seen as the social organization and control of linguistic variation"

Makes it hard to separate language from other social elements
"orders of discourse are the social organization and control of linguistic variation" - elements not purely linguistic
"it becomes difficult to separate out the factors shaping the texts"

25
Social practices

action and interaction
Social relations
Persons (w beliefs, attitudes, histories etc.)
The material world
Discourse

For example - look at dialect in the social practice of a classroom  - discourse and social practice integrated

26
Discourse can figure as:
Genres (ways of acting) - interviewing
Discourses (ways of representing) - abstract/ or  concretely: count noun - particular ways of representing world - ex. political discourse of New Labour
Styles (ways of being) - style of a 'manager'
Foucault  & genre - across fields (useful in social scholarship)

genre - acting (students know where to go in class) - non discursive activity (handing back papers etc. phenomena - identification of a "good" writer - style guide - representational scheme "good writing"
SCALE!!!

discourse - representative - something more concrete - discourse of "science"

style- identification, being

ALL DIALECTICALLY related


analytic scheme- framework/ theme

27
connect ppl together (see top of 27)

texts also multi functioning - ways of acting, ways of representing, ways of being
Major types of text meaning
Action  - interpersonal function
Representation - Halliday - ideational function
Identification - relates it to interpersonal/ action
Cool example - manager
28
"When we analyze specific texts as part of specific events, we are doing two interconnected things: a. looking at them in terms of the three aspects of meaning, Action, Representation and Identification, and how these are realized in various features of texts & b. making connection btwn concrete social event and more abstract social practices
Dialectical Relations
Dialectics - Foucault - axes:
  interconnections - "control over things, relations of actions upon others, realtions w oneself"

"Representation is to do with knowledge but also thereby 'control over things'; Action is to do generally with relations with others, but also 'action on others' , and power. Identification isto do with relations with oneself, ethics, and the 'moral subject'."
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Bordieau - "habitus" of persons involved in text analysis
"particular Representations (discourses) may be enacted in particular ways of Acting and Relating (genres)

Dialectics of discourses
Discourses (rep meaning) enacted in genre (actional meaning)
Discourses (rm) styles (identificational m)
Actions and identities (genres/ styles) rep. in discourses (rep meanings)
example - appraisal
30 mediation
texts "mediated" - how is it shared (print, television, etc.)
"chains/ networks of texts"
"Complex modern societies involve the networking together of different social practices across different domains or fields of social life (the economy, education etc. etc.)
transformation
globalization
31
genre chain - renovation of mental hospital (uses much that I wold use to look into envrionmental policy -- stakeholders etc. etc.)
translation a part of the language use (speech vs. written)  - "participants in the meeting build up to the well-argued, formal logic of the report - a characteristic of the official report genre"

32
Genres governance
institutions, genres - interlocking elements in govt (look at word)
Jessop - contemporary governance: markets, heirchies, networks
'practical genres' - "genres which figure in doing things rather than governing the way things are done"
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"Recontextualization" - see example - business manager - trust - to academic talk to official guideline
"appropriation, transformation, and colonization"
"promotional genres" - selling - new capitalism - seeing a lot.
stakeholder - move from local to global to create a report that can "accomodate endless specific local reports"
- predominance of media

genre mixing - Budapest  Sun  - Hungarian town- effort to 'sell' itself - new capitalism - tourist brochure: report, newspaper, self evaluation, corporate ad

interdiscursivity - incorporation of corporate advertising into a local authority genre (reminds me of fracking)

36-37
 Relational Approach to text analysis
social structures
social practices
social events  -- see all
discourse
semantics
grammar and vocabulary
phonology/ graphology

internal relations - semantics (meaning relations - words and longer expressions)/ grammatical relations/ vocab (lexical) - work - New Labour party/ phonological - spoken language - prosodic relations intonation/ rhythm
p.
38 - review - ch. 2

p. 39
Interxtuality and assumptions
broad - "presence of actual elements of other texts in text"
40
less obvious - texts added without attribution
texts make assumptions
social difference - many different identities
41
hegemony  - "achieving hegemony entails achieving a measure of success in projecting certain particulars as universals"
 
in what ways do different voices meet? (intertextuality) or not (assumption)
power
42
difference heuristic
discourses - durable
43
sample manager - tries to show pts of view (union workers) - interextuality

Bakhtin - dialogic

44
Look at trade policy paper  - no qualifiers - assumptions
45
public sphere - can be treated as
61
"We began by distinguishing five orientations to difference in social interactio, and in texts as parts of social interaction, and we used this as a basis for assessing the relative degree of 'diolgicality ' of a text, and discusssed what sort of orientation to difference would characterized an effective 'public sphere'. Laclau - hegemony - universality of particulars - entails reduction of dialogicity
scale of dialogicality
intertextuality - question of which relevant "external" texts and voices are included in the text, and which are ...exculded
direct reporting
indirect reporting
- both -consider - relationship to reported origninal - & how they are recontextualized w/in reporting text
- assumptions - ideologies - distinguished from other types of implicit meanings
 65
Genres
  Genres and linguistic features of texts
Pre-genres, disembedded genres, situated genres
formats
genre analysis: activity, social relations, communication technology
generic structure
dialogue
argument
narrative

Social research issues
globalization and disembedding
communicative and strategic action
societal information
the public sphere
social change and technological change
ideaology
news

p. 80 - excellent pts about limitations of dialogue
p. 81 "consultation" - nuclear weapons disposal etc.
p. 81 - Toulmin - globalization - look at assumptions
p. 84 - fabula - firefighters - focalization - normalcy - who focuses on what? Even when it is a "free" media?