Johnstone ch.1 "What is Discourse Analysis"?
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Journal - African American - language trial/ difference - English & Japanese/ newspaper coverage prison scandal England/ metaphor/ identity in athabaskan  student writing/ poem/ epitaph spiritual master - Muslim sect...etc.

discourse "meaningful symbolic behavior"
"discourse" vs. "discourses" see the way "music" is used

"discourse analysis" vs. "language analysis" - not focused on language as an abstract system - what happens when people draw on knowledge they have about language -
"Discourse is both the source of this knowledge (ppls generalizations about language are made on the basis of discourse they participate in) and the result of it"

Foucault - "count noun" - conventional ways of thinking "patterns of belief and habitual action as well as patterns of language"/ Ideas

Gee - Discourse - D & d
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Analysis (chemical analysis)
analysis of language structures (linguists) and/ or social roles and relations
"What distinguishes discourse analysis (from other types of language study) lies not in the questions discourse analysts ask but in the ways they try to answer them; by analyzing discourse - that is, by examining aspects of the structure and the function of language in use."

discusses familiar use of word "analysis" -- taking apart.

examples - differing grammatical patterns when "superiors" are present/ topic changes by "special " signal markers.

OR analysis as looking at something in a variety of ways (systematically taking several theoretical perspectives)
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"(What is persuasive discourse like?....How do psychotherapists talk?...What goes on in classrooms? ...How do people create social categories like "girl"?
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"What is involved with "knowing a language"? How do words, sentences, and utterances get associated with meanings? How does language change?..."
Linguists - word structure (morphology)/ sentence structure (syntax)
Language scholars - meaning (semantics), syntax, stretches of talk longer than phrases, "shhed light on how speakers indicate their semantic intentions and how hearers interpret what they  hear, and on the cognitive abilities that underlie human symbol use"
"helped describe the culturally-shaped interpretive principles on which understanding is based and how people ...are thought to perform actions by means of utterances."
change
- how do new words enter language?
-external causes of change - geographic isolation (remember songcatcher)

- also contributed to research on language acquisition
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talk used for children (reminds me of reading model we learned at SRU - attach reading to what you know -- that is often language). -- wars in phonics
-- more than just knowing grammar and vocab -- "but also knowing how to structure paragraphs and arguments and participate in conversations in the ways speakers of the language do"

discourse studies have always been a part of:
- literary studies
-rhetorical studies
- useful in fields that focus on human life and communications (psychology, anthropology, etc. etc.):
aging (language),  "anyone who wants to understand human beings has to understand discourse"
- investigate "questions about social relations, such as dominance, and oppression or solidarity"
-personal identity and social identification
-focus on meaning making

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why museum example? "ways in which a systematic analysis of discourse can help illuminate facets of communication"
Makes me think of the way Phipps has changed over time - Also, the implications of the Egypt display in Philly
Blockbuster event - Egypt - accompanying texts
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heuristic
methodology:
Question "Why is this stretch of discourse the way it is? Why is it no other way? Why theyse particular words in this particular order"?
- what text is about
- who said it
- what motivated the text
- the text's structure
- categories - source constraint and resource for creativity
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- discourse is shaped by the would and discourse shapes the world
- discourse is shaped by language and discourse shapes language
- discourse is shaped by participants and discourse shapes participants.
- shaped by prior discourse and shapes possibilities for future discourse
- shaped by its medium and shapes possibilities of its medium
- shaped by purpose - shapes possible purposes
can put these together in different ways
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Human worlds are shaped by discourse: Foucault, Burke, Sapir, Whorf

"Ancient Egyptian world seen through the lens of "Western Oreintalism"
visual design "highlights the most exotic and anthropomorphic of the artifacts and make strategic use of layout and typography"
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ha ha - this "other" culture is more similar to Western world than writers realized
silence on Egyptian hieroglyphic writing

The doer of the action - on placards is missing -- experts Big Brother - discourage others from challenging claims
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" Thank you for being a member of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston"
"When did John stop drinking" - presuppositions!
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 Paser
Remove object from original context -- English labels vs. Egyptian ones -- seeing painting in Rome vs. the Cleveland Museum of Art/ seeing an American satirical play in the forum
"glossing" that occurs with naming - History, precedes craftsmanship - place comes last
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Shabits - written for children - but in persona of adult - jumpy (feature of speech of children)
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expectations  - Book of the dead (we have very different books now)/ spells - not an Arab culture/
intertextuality - needed for placards
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Mixes of media - advertisement
Magazine ad - rhythms
Visual imagery - prevalent and repeated
Images - used as writing in Egypt are used as images in Western - cartouche reminds me of art ed - move to be multicultural encouraged students to make stuff - uneasy - would they have had students create a chalice of Christ - probably not!
- heiroglyphics even extended into footrace ads
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habits of thought - accept what the expert educator has to say

Really hits home - what happened in Philly
- simplified modern analogs
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competing discourses - on loan from German museum - discourses different
- high culture/ commerce (MFAH uses show to make money)
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texts of discourse - texts (letter, book) but are changing - shift to records of discourse
online discourses - printouts, screenshots
transcripts of audio/ video recording
- turn them into book-like texts - "entextaulize" - researchers decisions of what to make into book-like texts
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"a book is a complete text only if it is treated as relatively independent of other texts"
such boundaries or pulling out chunks are often artificial - but essential "open ended interpretation rather than fact-finding, more like reading than identifying data points that bear on pre-formed hypotheses"
"It is crucial to be able to uncover the many ways in which texts are shaped by contexts and the many ways texts shape contexts"
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number of texts  - issue is more about "why or how (something) occurs in the data at hand, and suggestions  they make about the liklihood that the same thing will occur in other data..."
Coupland et al - research aging/ elderly  - issues with qualitative research
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Transcripts - different conventions (research) - "any way of representing speech in writing is necessarily selective."
"the most useful transcriptions in discourse analysis research are those which highlight what the researcher is interested in and do not include too much distracting extraneous detail. "
"The most literal way to represent a speaker's speech may not be the most desirable way to represent the speaker"
24 - 26 examples of transcripts
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Description:
"1. That it is possible to describe the world...2. proper role of scholar is to describe status quo first, and only later, if at all, to apply scholarly findings in the solution of practical problems.
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Pike, Grimes, Halliday, Hasan - anthropologists/ sociologists add to this
Relativism - people have different realities - different shared systems of beliefs. - calls into question "scientific truth"
"Critical social theory describes the human world not as a system in, or tending to, equilibrium, but as a system characterized by dominance, exploitation, struggle, oppression, and power" - research into power structures
1. valid description
2. critical of status quo - concerned w using work to change things for the better.
critical linguists (Flower, Hodge and Kress)
critical discourse analysis (Fairclough, van Dijk, Wodak)